Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Overall, the evidence indicates that both BC (or EC) and PM2.5 are associated with cardiovascular effects but the available evidence is not sufficient to distinguish the effect of BC (or EC) from that of PM2.5 mass.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Kirrane et al. (2019) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 10 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: