This research explores the effects of breakdown probabilities on electron distributions in fractal networks, indicating broader implications for network security.
In this paper, we introduce a type of fractal networks generated by the Sierpinski fractal antenna. The electrons shuttle through the piece of antenna in different layers via random walk, and also break down the adjacent pieces in the same layer with probability [Formula: see text]. Different breakdown probabilities will affect the stationary distribution of electrons in the hierarchical network. We use the Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD, relative entropy) to study this effect. We consider two kinds of random models: the Bernoulli model and the Erdös-Rènyi model. It makes our research also applicable to some other fields, such as cyberspace security.
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Huang et al. (2026) studied this question.
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