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Wearable epidermic electronics assembled by conductive hydrogels exhibit great application potential for their seamless integration with the human body for human-machine interactions (HMI). However, most multifunctional hydrogel sensors are prone to water loss and become useless e-waste, resulting in a growing threat to the global environment and human health. Inspired by the resurrection plants, this paper introduces the reversible intermolecular forces and physical crosslinking method into the hydrogel system to obtain a fully recyclable multifunctional smart hydrogel sensor (RMSHS), which can be completely recycled in a simple step. Meanwhile, RMSHS possesses admirable biocompatibility, excellent antibacterial ability (S. aureus and E. coli bacterial inhibition rate of 99.8%), rapid self-healing ability, and outstanding sensing performances such as low detection limit, fast response/recovery time (160/200 ms). Intelligent medical rehabilitation and smart HMI systems are developed for medical diagnostics and real-time remote controlling. Moreover, the recyclable triboelectric nanogenerator (R-TENG) intelligent array, designed based on RMSHS, replaces the electrode consumables in traditional TENGs, realizing the generation of green energy and 100% recyclability of electrode materials. RMSHS can be generalized and applied to other remote-controlling platforms, paving the way for large-scale, multi-scenario applications.
Zhao et al. (2025) studied this question.