Lactate Stimulation of Gonococcal Metabolism in Media Containing Glucose: Mechanism, Impact on Pathogenicity, and Wider Implications for Other Pathogens

Over the past decade, studies of Neisseria gonorrhoeae have shown that in media containing glucose, lactate stimulates metabolism, and this could affect pathogenicity (7,19).Recently, the probable mechanism of this stimulation has been identified as one that could apply to other pathogens (68).Earlier studies implicated lactate metabolism in the serum resistance of Haemophilus influenzae (30), and during the past year, the use of signature-tagged mutagenesis and an infant rat model identified a putative (i.e., homologous with the gene in Escherichia coli) lactate permease-deficient mutant of Neisseria meningitidis with diminished virulence (62; C. M. Tang, personal communication).There may be a common role for lactate in the pathogenicity of these and other pathogens.Lactate and glucose are present together in most sites where infection occurs in vivo.This review summarizes the present position on gonococci and its implications regarding other pathogens.Throughout, the phrase "stimulation of metabolism by lactate" refers to this event occurring in a medium containing glucose.