Intensification of functional neural control on heartbeat dynamics in subclinical depression

Figures

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  Fig. 1. CAN scheme. Schematic diagram showing the major central pathways regulating cardiac sympathetic (red) and parasympathetic (blue) outflows. Common pathways are indicated in purple. No distinction is made between the excitatory and inhibitory connections. DMNX dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, l lateral, MDH medullary dorsal horn of the trigeminal nucleus, MPFC medial prefrontal cortex, NAmb nucleus ambigus, NTS nucleus of the tractus solitarius, PAG periaqueductal grey matter, PVN hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, vl ventrolateral, CVLM caudal ventrolateral medulla, DMH dorsomedial hypothalamus, RVLM rostral ventrolateral medulla, RVMM rostral ventromedial medulla (for more abbreviations, refer to text).

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  Fig. 2. Topographic distribution of the extracted BHI indexes in healthy participants during a resting state. BHI indexed are explained in Table 2. (arbitrary units).

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  Fig. 3. Topographic distribution of the extracted BHI indexes in participants with dysphoria during a resting state. BHI indexes are explained in Table 2. (arbitrary units).

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  Fig. 4. P-value topographic maps from non-parametric Mann–Whitney tests for unpaired samples in the proposed brain–heart model, between healthy subjects and dysphoric ones, in a resting state. Significant brain regions (p < 0.05, corrected through multiple comparisons) are highlighted with respect to the green areas, which indicate no significant changes between conditions. Blue regions represent a BHI that is significantly higher in dysphoric subjects.

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  Fig. 5. Topographic distribution of the extracted HEP indexes in healthy (left) and dysphoric (right) participants during 5 min in a resting state.