Phosphorus-Doped Hard Carbon Nanofibers Prepared by Electrospinning as an Anode in Sodium-Ion Batteries

Phosphorus-doped hard carbon nanofibers with macroporous structure were successfully synthesized by electrospinning followed by a thermal treatment process using polyacrylonitrile and H₃PO₄ as carbon and phosphorus precursors, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis reveals that the doped phosphorus atoms can incorporate into the carbon framework and most of them are connecting with carbon atoms to form P-C bond. The (002) plane interlayer spacing was taken from the X-ray diffraction pattern, which shows a large spacing of 3.83 Å for the obtained P-doped hard carbon nanofibers. When used as an anode in sodium-ion batteries, the as-prepared P-doped hard carbon nanofibers can deliver a reversible capacity of 288 and 103 mAh g⁻¹ at a current density of 50 mA g⁻¹ and 2 A g⁻¹, respectively. After 200 cycles at 50 mA g⁻¹, the capacity retention of P-doped hard carbon nanofibers still reaches 87.8%, demonstrating good cycling durability. These excellent electrochemical performances of P-doped hard carbon nanofibers can be attributed to the macroporous structure, large interlayer spacing, and the formation of P-C bond.