The herbal industry in India has expanded significantly due to increased global demand for natural, safe, and effective medicinal products. To ensure the quality, safety, and therapeutic reliability of herbal formulations, regulatory frameworks under the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940 play a crucial role. Schedule M outlines Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) for Ayurvedic, Siddha, and Unani drug manufacturing, emphasizing plant layout, sanitation, raw material authentication, production control, quality assurance, documentation, and packaging standards. In parallel, Schedule Z provides guidelines for clinical evaluation of drugs, including herbal formulations, through pre-clinical studies and phased clinical trials ensuring human safety, efficacy, and ethical compliance. Together, these schedules help standardize herbal drug manufacturing and promote scientific validation of traditional medicines. However, challenges remain, such as inadequate standardization, quality testing limitations, and limited clinical evidence. Recent global regulatory harmonization efforts and amendments by AYUSH aim to align Indian herbal products with WHO-GMP, US-FDA, and EMA standards to enhance international acceptance. This study critically analyzes the significance, implementation, global perspective, and future prospects of Schedule M and Schedule Z in strengthening the credibility and global competitiveness of the Indian herbal industry.
Bhoye et al. (2026) studied this question.