Glucose biosensors for clinical and personal use

This mini-review considers the most significant achievements in glucose-sensitive electrochemical biosensors, as well as their role in clinical diagnostics and personal testing. The application of various biorecognition elements, from glucose oxidase to glucose dehydrogenases, is critically compared. The transduction principles at the heart of different types of glucose biosensors, up to third-generation biosensors (based on direct bioelectrocatalysis), are reviewed. Special attention is paid to second-generation biosensors, which provide the basis for commercial personal glucose tests (glucometers). The current challenges in non-invasive diabetes monitoring are presented.