Association of Cognitive Reserve Indicator with Cognitive Decline and Structural Brain Differences in Middle and Older Age: Findings from the UK Biobank

Figures

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  Figure 1. Flowchart of the study population Abbreviations: MRI, magnetic resonance imaging

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  Figure 2. Cognitive trajectories in global cognition and different domains by cognitive reserve (CR) level: results from linear mixed-effects models The trajectories represent β coefficients adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, body mass index, heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, and apolipoprotein E ε4.

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  Figure 3. Brain structural magnetic resonance imaging parameters by cognitive reserve (CR) level: results from analysis of covariance models The bars represent the values of least-squares means (95% confidence intervals) of regional brain volumes adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, body mass index, heart disease, diabetes, apolipoprotein E ε4, head size, position magnetic resonance imaging confounds, and baseline level of global cognitive function. Asterisks indicate a significant difference compared with the low CR group with Dunnett’s correction (*** P <0.001; ** P <0.01; * P <0.05). Abbreviations: WMH, white matter hyperintensity

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  Figure 4. Cognitive trajectories in global cognition by cognitive reserve (CR) level, stratified by brain volume category: results from linear mixed-effects models The trajectories represent β coefficients adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, body mass index, heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, and apolipoprotein E ε4.