Comparison of the reproducibility of maxillary position transfer with a mechanical facebow and those with facial scanning and cone beam computed tomography, based on a method of model orientation using anatomical landmarks

The DT techniques demonstrated superior precision compared to the IT technique, with the CBCT-based DT2 technique achieving the highest reproducibility. The proposed method of model orientation using anatomical landmarks improves both precision and efficiency compared to the traditional facebow method, and flexibility in choosing reference equivalents, without requiring additional equipment or chairside time. Thus, it provides a full digital reference framework for 3D model orientation and maxillary positioning.