The state of food composition databases: data attributes and FAIR data harmonization in the era of digital innovation

These scores reflect limitations in inadequate metadata, lack of scientific naming, and unclear data reuse notices. Notably, these results are associated with country economic classification, as databases from high-income countries showed greater inclusion of primary data, web-based interfaces, more regular updates, and strong adherence to FAIR principles. Our integrative review presents the current state of FCDBs highlighting emerging opportunities and recommendations. By fostering a deeper understanding of food composition, diverse stakeholders across food systems will be better equipped to address societal challenges, leveraging data-driven solutions to support human and planetary health.