A modified pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann model incorporating mutual diffusion effects for multiphase flow simulation

A modified pseudo-potential lattice Boltzmann multiphase model incorporating mutual diffusion effects is presented, enabling independent control of surface tension and density ratio while improving interfacial dynamics. The incorporated mutual diffusion term effectively mitigates the coupling inherent in conventional models, leading to smoother density and pressure distributions at fluid interfaces and significantly reduced spurious velocities. The model demonstrates robust performance across representative scenarios such as droplet sliding and porous media displacement, successfully capturing interface-driven phenomena including capillary fingering and viscous flow patterns. These improvements make the approach a versatile tool for simulating complex multiphase flows in applications such as microfluidics and porous media transport.