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April 17, 2026Emerging infectious diseases2 citationsOpen Access

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus RNA in Bovine Semen, California, USA, 2024

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ALAilam LimKPKeith PoulsenLCLeonardo C. Caserta

Key Points

  • To investigate the presence of HPAI H5N1 RNA in bovine semen during an outbreak.
  • Surveillance of dairy cattle during an outbreak in California
  • Detection of HPAI H5N1 RNA in the semen of asymptomatic bulls
  • Assessment of transmission risks associated with semen
  • HPAI H5N1 RNA was found in the semen of an asymptomatic bull
  • No infectious virus was isolated
  • Identified risks related to potential semen-associated transmission and biosecurity concerns

Abstract

Since March 2024, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus has infected dairy cattle in the United States, prompting concern about novel transmission routes. During an outbreak in California, HPAI H5N1 RNA was detected in an asymptomatic bull's semen. Although infectious virus was not isolated, semen-associated transmission risks and biosecurity practices remain a concern.

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Cite This Study

Lim et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69e1cfcb5cdc762e9d858bcahttps://doi.org/10.3201/eid3205.251639
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Also Consider

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  1. 1Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Clade 2.3.4.4b Virus Infection in Domestic Dairy Cattle and Cats, United States, 20242024 · 544 citations
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  3. 3Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus of clade 2.3.4.4b isolated from a human case in Chile causes fatal disease and transmits between co-housed ferrets2024 · 80 citations
  4. 4Optimizing Nucleic Acid Extraction from Extended Bovine Semen for Endemic and High-Consequence Pathogens2025 · 1 citations
  5. 5Review: Risks of disease transmission through semen in cattle2018 · 114 citations