Construction 4.0 in a narrow and broad sense: A systematic and comprehensive literature review

This article presents a systematic review that assesses the implication of Construction 4.0 from both a narrow perspective centred on technology adaptation, and a broader perspective that includes the implications of Construction 4.0 on society, environment, governance, and technology itself (referred to as ‘SEGT dimensions’). The review draws on a systematic selection and analysis of 131 primary sources, including peer-reviewed articles, books, and chapters published between 2016 and 2023. The analysis of the literature consistently reveals a discernible pattern: (i) a notable gap between theoretical propositions and practical implementation of Construction 4.0 technologies, processes, and strategies; (ii) a range of barriers hindering the effective adoption of this transformative paradigm such as significant upfront costs associated with integrating Construction 4.0 technologies, a shortage of skilled personnel adept in utilizing these technologies, inadequate regulatory frameworks, hesitancy among construction leadership, and a deep-seated aversion to change within the industry; and, (iii) a lack of understanding in the policy and scholarly community about the impact of Construction 4.0 on the SEGT dimensions. The article warns for unfounded technocratic optimism about Construction 4.0; calls for a holistic application of this ‘new’ paradigm and refrain from cherry-picking ‘cheap and easy’ technologies and applications; and suggests that the construction industry may be able to leapfrog the ‘4.0’ revolution and directly embrace a ‘5.0’ approach by incorporating a human-centric perspective and focusing on how technology and automation can help address the central challenges of the 21st century.