Bio-inspired chemometric methods for simultaneous UV spectrophotometric determination of molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir, and favipiravir in pharmaceutical formulations and environmental samples

A sustainable UV-spectrophotometric method coupled with bio-inspired chemometric algorithms was developed for simultaneous quantification of three COVID-19 antivirals — molnupiravir, nirmatrelvir, and favipiravir — addressing severe spectral overlap challenges. Genetic algorithm-partial least squares (GA-PLS) and firefly algorithm-partial least squares (FFA-PLS) were comparatively evaluated for wavelength selection optimization using a calibration set of 25 mixtures spanning 4–12 µg/mL for favipiravir and molnupiravir, and 8–24 µg/mL for nirmatrelvir, with FFA-PLS demonstrating advantages in model simplicity and predictive accuracy (R² > 0.996, RMSEP 0.05), and to spiked tap water samples with recoveries of 95.33–104.45%. Comprehensive sustainability assessment using four complementary metrics (MoGAPI: 72/100, CaFRI: 85/100, BAGI: 77.5/100, RGB12: 86.5/100) confirmed the method as environmentally friendly and practically implementable, offering a cost-effective alternative to chromatographic techniques for pharmaceutical quality control and environmental monitoring.