This review discusses management strategies for refractory immune-related adverse events in patients undergoing immunotherapy, suggesting improved outcomes.
Tailored treatment strategies and structured escalation algorithms are needed to optimize outcomes for patients with r-irAEs. Integration of emerging biomarkers, endoscopic and histologic findings, and tumor microenvironment features may facilitate earlier recognition of steroid-refractory disease and more individualized escalation of immunosuppression.
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Moura et al. (2026) studied this question.
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