Review Article on Concept of Sopha (Inflammation)

Background: In modern medicine, inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis and classification of numerous diseases. In Ayurveda, the concept of Sopha is considered fundamental in understanding disease processes, as it reflects underlying doshic disturbances and tissue reactions. Objective: To review classical Ayurvedic literature to understand the role of Sopha in disease development, its types, causative factors, and therapeutic principles. Methods: Relevant descriptions of Sopha were collected and analyzed from classical Ayurvedic texts such as Bruhatrayee, Madhava Nidana, and Bhela Samhita. Information regarding etiology, classification, pathogenesis, and treatment was critically evaluated and correlated with contemporary scientific understanding. Enumeration: Sopha arises when the normal functional characteristics of srotas are disturbed by factors such as vidahi and abhishyandi substances, leadng to impairment in fluid transport. It may appear as an independent disease, as a symptom, or as a complication of other disorders. It is broadly classified into Antah Sopha (internal inflammation) and Bahir Sopha (external inflammation). Discussion: The Ayurvedic concept of Sopha was examined in the context of modern pathological mechanisms of inflammation, emphasizing similarities in vascular and cellular responses. Conclusion: Sopha is associated with a wide range of infectious and non‑communicable diseases. Understanding this concept can enhance both diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in Ayurveda.