Lung Development and Congenital Anomalies: A Developmental and Functional Perspective

Background: Lung development is a prolonged and highly regulated process beginning in early embryogenesis and extending into childhood. Disruptions during this period result in a spectrum of congenital lung anomalies. Objective: To provide a structured review of lung development and its correlation with congenital anomalies for postgraduate-level understanding.Methods: A narrative review of standard textbooks and peer-reviewed literature focusing on embryology, molecular mechanisms, classification, and clinical implications of congenital lung malformations.Results: Lung development occurs in five stages—embryonic, pseudo-glandular, canalicular, saccular, and alveolar. Disruptions at specific stages result in characteristic anomalies such as tracheoesophageal fistula, congenital pulmonary airway malformation, and pulmonary hypoplasia. Conclusion: Understanding stage-wise lung development is essential for accurate diagnosis, management, and prognostication of congenital lung anomalies.