Automatic Modulation Classification (AMC) is a key component of modern wireless communication systems; however, its performance remains highly sensitive to noise, particularly under low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) conditions. Most existing approaches rely on benchmark datasets and computationally complex architectures, which limit robustness and practical applicability. To address these challenges, this study proposes an efficient CNN-based AMC framework trained on a customized dataset generated using MATLAB, enabling full control over modulation types, channel conditions, and SNR distributions. STFT-based spectrogram representations are employed to extract discriminative time–frequency features from modulated signals. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves a maximum classification accuracy of 99.77% at 15 dB, while maintaining robust performance across an SNR range of -5 to 15 dB, including low-SNR scenarios. Compared with existing methods, the proposed approach improves generalization capability, supports eleven modulation schemes, and reduces dependency on pre-existing datasets, making it more suitable for real-world wireless communication. applications.
Obead et al. (2026) studied this question.