Psychological capital in patients with cancer: A qualitative study based on cognitive adaptation theory

Abstract Objective Psychological capital (PsyCap) plays a critical role in facilitating psychological adaptation among patients with cancer. However, its constituent components in this population remain insufficiently understood. This study aimed to identify and define the components of PsyCap in patients with cancer and to develop a conceptual model grounded in cognitive adaptation theory. Methods A qualitative descriptive study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with 25 patients with cancer between November 2024 and February 2025. Data were analyzed using directed qualitative content analysis, supported by NVivo 14.0. Results Three main categories and nine subcategories were identified: (1) cognitive appraisal–oriented PsyCap (illness-related rational cognition, realistic optimism, and perceived positive meaning from the cancer experience); (2) control reestablishment–oriented PsyCap (hope within a limited future, active adjustment of physical and psychological states, self-efficacy in coping with illness, and perceived multidimensional support); and (3) self-esteem reinforcement–oriented PsyCap (sense of self-worth during the anticancer process and acceptance of post-illness physical and psychological changes). Conclusions This study delineates the core components of PsyCap in patients with cancer and proposes a theoretically informed conceptual model. The findings provide a foundation for developing PsyCap assessment tools and targeted interventions. Clinicians may use this model to identify patients with insufficient psychological resources and implement tailored strategies to enhance PsyCap and promote psychological adaptation.