Analysis verifies solar activity patterns and forecasts the next Grand Solar Minimum, suggesting significant implications.
SOL-1 pipeline: five independent solar activity proxies (pre-telescopic sunspots, auroral records, eclipse corona morphology, radiocarbon 14C IntCal20, beryllium-10 GISP2) spanning 55,000 years, analyzed via FFT spectral analysis and Monte Carlo simulation (500 realizations). The Gleissberg cycle (~88 yr) is confirmed in 4/4 applicable proxies. Cross-validation between 10Be and 14C yields r=0.47 over 37,000 years. Forecast: next Grand Solar Minimum ~2126 CE (68% CI: 2058-2206), P(Grand)=63%, P(Deep+Grand)=95%. Includes 7-vector impact forecast (temperature, agriculture, energy, cosmic rays, geopolitics, technology) coupled with IPCC AR6 scenarios. All code Python, all data public domain. ORCID: 0009-0000-6164-8474.
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Alexander Dmitriev (2026) studied this question.
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