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April 22, 2026Journal of Clinical MedicineOpen Access

Does Maternal Smoking Increase the Risk of Congenital Heart Disease? Insights from a Single-Center Fetal Echocardiography Study

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AKAkif KavgacıÖKÖzkan KayaUÖUtku Arman Örün

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Overview

This single-center analysis evaluates congenital heart disease risk in fetuses exposed to maternal smoking, indicating no significant association.

Key Points

  • This study evaluates the potential link between maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of congenital heart disease in fetuses.
  • Analyzed data from 2715 pregnant women and 2784 fetuses undergoing fetal echocardiography after 20 weeks.
  • Categorized maternal smoking by daily cigarette consumption and examined CHD prevalence in smoking vs. non-smoking groups.
  • Classified fetal cardiac conditions according to classical morphological classifications.
  • Congenital heart disease prevalence was 12.5% in the non-smoking group and 14.2% in the smoking group, with no significant difference.
  • No significant differences in CHD subtype distributions between smoking and non-smoking groups.
  • Reclassification of smoking exposure showed no association with CHD risk, indicating an odds ratio of 1.04.

Cite This Study

Kavgacı et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/69e865126e0dea528dde9be5https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm15083143
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