Froude number scaling unifies impact trajectories into cohesionless granular media across gravitational conditions

We examine the role of gravity on surface impact behavior into cohesionless granular media. Using hundreds of soft-sphere discrete element simulations, we demonstrate that the outcome of impacts remains qualitatively similar under varying gravitational conditions when initial velocities are scaled with the Froude number, suggesting an underlying law. Using granular dynamic resistive force theory, we provide reasoning for the observed universality and show that Froude number scaling precisely collapses impact trajectories across gravitational conditions within a set of assumptions.