Robotic surgery has redefined hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) practice, delivering enhanced precision and promising improved patient outcomes. Yet these benefits come with hidden costs, which are crucial in shaping adoption, equitable access, and hospital workforce capacity. This narrative review examines these hidden costs across three domains: financial, training, and environmental. From a financial perspective, we assess procedural cost structures, capital investment, market dynamics, reimbursement, and opportunity costs. In terms of training, we explore learning curves, their consequences, and the structural training limitations hindering skill diffusion. On the environmental front, we evaluate the ecological impact of robotic surgery and the importance of comprehensive life-cycle analyses. In addition, the review highlights areas that warrant further research and explores strategies to address the identified hidden costs. Collectively, the findings underscore the need to evaluate robotic HPB surgery not only for clinical outcomes, but also for its broader system-level implications to ensure equitable, sustainable, and economically prudent adoption.
Basil Habash (Tue,) studied this question.