A distinct vagus-beta cell neural circuit senses glucose and modulates insulin secretion

Vagal sensory neurons (VSN) convey peripheral glycemic information to the brain, yet the specific pathways that continuously sense glucose fluctuations and regulate hormone secretion and feeding remain poorly defined. Here, we examined the anatomical and functional aspects of an integrated circuit originating in pancreatic β-cells, projecting through the nodose ganglion, and engaging the dorsal vagal complex to relay feedback to β-cells. We performed monosynaptic viral fluorescent tracing, RNA sequencing, RNAscope, chemogenetics, optogenetics, neuronal silencing, automated glucose telemetry, feeding assays, neural activity measurements, glucose sensing, and intracellular calcium measurements using 2-photon microscopy. The vagal transcriptome exhibited metabolic state- and diet-dependent regulation of pathways involved in glucose sensing, insulin secretion, and glucose homeostasis. Viral tracing identified abundant VSN innervating β-cells, including a subset expressing cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (VSN CART ), whose activity was modulated by metabolic state and altered brainstem neuronal activity. VSN CART stimulation increased acetylcholine and C-peptide secretion and lowered blood glucose in a metabolic state-dependent manner, whereas silencing impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and induced glucose intolerance. VSN CART activation suppressed food intake, while inhibition increased feeding, also in a metabolic state-dependent manner. C-Fos labeling and two-photon Ca 2+ imaging revealed that VSN CART neurons exhibit dose-dependent excitatory responses to glucose. We identified a vagal sensory neuron–β-cell circuit and showed that VSN CART neurons sense glucose to regulate insulin secretion, feeding behavior, and glucose homeostasis. How the brain detects glycemic fluctuations to integrate hormone secretion and feeding behavior is unclear. Kumar et al. describe a vagus-brain-β-cell circuit identifying the vagus as a glucose-sensing hub. They show that a population of glucose excitatory vagal sensory neurons communicate with β-cells and the brain to regulate insulin secretion, feeding behavior and glucose homeostasis. • Vagus senses glycemic changes to modify insulin secretion and feeding behavior • Distinct vagal sensory neurons (VSN) form circuits with pancreatic islet β-cells • VSN CART regulate insulin secretion in a glycemia and feeding-state dependent manner • Dose-dependent glucose-excitatory VSN CART sense glucose and evoke satiety response