This study examines the determinants and impacts of household biogas adoption among dairy-based mixed crop–livestock systems in West Java, Indonesia. Using primary survey data from 201 households, we estimate adoption drivers through logistic regression and assess post-adoption outcomes using propensity score matching combined with doubly robust estimation. The results show that adoption is primarily driven by structural feasibility and institutional exposure, particularly livestock ownership, participation in technical training, perceived time-saving benefits, and fuel-cost pressure, while general socioeconomic variables such as income and education are not statistically significant. Treatment-effect estimates indicate that adoption leads to significant reductions in LPG and firewood consumption, as well as decreased use of chemical fertilizers, reflecting partial substitution of external inputs with locally available resources. However, these benefits are unevenly distributed, with stronger effects observed among households with larger livestock holdings, while training plays a more critical role for smaller-scale farmers. The findings are interpreted through a sustainability–resilience framework, which is used as an analytical lens rather than a causal measurement model. The results highlight the importance of institutional support, service provision, and policy alignment in determining the durability and scalability of biogas adoption. The study contributes to the literature by integrating determinants of adoption with causal impact estimation and situating household-level outcomes within broader socio-technical systems.
Situmeang et al. (2026) studied this question.