Drug-eluting stent in-stent restenosis occurs in 3% to 20% of patients, presenting predominantly as focal restenosis with recurrent angina, and requires an algorithmic approach for treatment.
This review provides a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms, clinical presentation, and a proposed treatment algorithm for managing drug-eluting stent in-stent restenosis.
The introduction of the drug-eluting stent (DES) proved to be an important step forward in reducing rates of restenosis and target lesion revascularization after percutaneous coronary intervention. However, the rapid implementation of DES in standard practice and expansion of the indications for percutaneous coronary intervention to high-risk patients and complex lesions also introduced a new problem: DES in-stent restenosis (ISR), which occurs in 3% to 20% of patients, depending on patient and lesion characteristics and DES type. The clinical presentation of DES ISR is usually recurrent angina, but some patients present with acute coronary syndrome. Mechanisms of DES ISR can be biological, mechanical, and technical, and its pattern is predominantly focal. Intravascular imaging can assist in defining the mechanism and selecting treatment modalities. Based upon the current available evidence, an algorithm for the treatment approaches to DES restenosis is proposed.
Dangas et al. (Mon,) conducted a review in Drug-eluting stent in-stent restenosis. Drug-eluting stent (DES) was evaluated. Drug-eluting stent in-stent restenosis occurs in 3% to 20% of patients, presenting predominantly as focal restenosis with recurrent angina, and requires an algorithmic approach for treatment.