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April 24, 2026Ophthalmology and Therapy0 citationsOpen Access

Surgical Management of Blepharophimosis–Ptosis–Epicanthus Inversus Syndrome (BPES): A Comprehensive Review

JWJulia WojciechowskaGdańsk Medical University MWMonika WojarskaUniversity of Gdańsk ADArina DrobashkoGdańsk Medical University

Key Points

This review aims to evaluate surgical interventions for blepharophimosis–ptosis–epicanthus inversus syndrome (BPES) to restore eyelid function and aesthetics.
Reviewed classical and contemporary surgical techniques for BPES.
Discussed the importance of individualized selection of surgical approaches.
Highlighted the need for further prospective studies to standardize procedures.
Surgical management effectively improves eyelid function and visual field.
Patient-specific techniques lead to favorable cosmetic results.
Emerging approaches show promise in optimizing both functional and aesthetic outcomes.

Abstract

Surgical management of BPES is essential to restore eyelid function, improve the visual field, and achieve favorable cosmetic outcomes. A range of classical and contemporary techniques are available, and selection should be individualized. Modern approaches optimize both functional and aesthetic results, though further prospective studies are needed to standardize procedures and minimize complications.

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