Biliary VEGF is a strong independent biomarker for the diagnosis of malignant biliary obstruction, both in PDAC and CCA. MMP-2 was independently associated with CCA diagnosis. PDGF-AA is a promising prognostic biomarker for malignant biliary strictures. These findings support the clinical potential of bile-based biomarkers for improving the diagnosis and assessing the prognosis of malignant biliary strictures.
Gigante et al. (Tue,) studied this question.