Biological Aliens: Why Lichens Are the Ultimate Primary Colonizers for Mars?

This article explores lichens as primary colonizers organisms for the initial colonization of Mars. It describes the phenomenon of cryptobiosis and its crucial role in survival under extreme environmental conditions. Special emphasis is placed on the symbiotic nature of lichens and their biological diversity. The author analyzes the results of space experiments (such as BIOMEX), which confirm their extraordinary resilience. Furthermore, the study examines the conditions necessary for forming micro-ecosystems involving lichens and identifies promising species for future colonization research.