Overcoming the Salinity Bottleneck: Biochar-Induced Soil Organic Carbon Modulates Wheat Yield via Contrasting Pathways in a Coastal Saline Soil

Biochar amendment holds promise for improving saline soils, yet its efficacy is often constrained by the uncertainty of application rates. In this study, a large field trial and associated statistical modeling were conducted to explore the mechanisms by which biochar affects wheat yield in coastal saline soils of northern China. Results showed that biochar application significantly increased soil organic carbon (SOC) content (R2= 0.615, p < 0.001) but induced marked spatial heterogeneity across the field, with the coefficient of variation (CV) reaching 30.2%. Given the difficulty of uniformly applying biochar in the field, subplot-level SOC was used as a proxy for effective biochar distribution. Stepwise regression identified soil electrical conductivity (EC) as the dominant yield constraint (standardized coefficient = −0.69), rather than water and nutrients, and a quadratic relationship was observed between SOC and EC. Structural equation modeling (SEM) further suggested a trade-off: SOC was associated with higher yield through reduced bulk density (BD) (path coefficient = −0.603), whereas high SOC levels were also associated with increased EC under this coastal saline field setting (path coefficient = 0.243), thereby indirectly constraining growth. Consequently, the agronomic response showed a threshold-like transition: the peak wheat yield occurred at an SOC threshold of 13.87 g kg−1 (equivalent to 44.41 t ha−1), which exceeded the point of minimum salinity (11.71 g kg−1, equivalent to ~29.90 t ha−1 biochar). These results suggest that the agronomic benefit of biochar in saline soils depends on maintaining application within an estimated beneficial buffering zone.