Census reveals regional and gender imbalances among Italian neurosurgeons, implying need for better planning.
This updated census provides the most comprehensive profile to date of Italian neurosurgeons. Despite adequate overall numbers, regional and gender imbalances persist, and leadership renewal remains limited. When compared with the previous ICoNe2 study, these data confirm Italy's exceptionally high neurosurgical density and underscore the need for coordinated workforce planning, optimization of training programs, and rational redistribution of resources to ensure sustainable and equitable neurosurgical care nationwide.
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Vitulli et al. (2026) studied this question.
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