This review explores smart parking systems, detailing technologies and challenges while suggesting future improvements.
The rapid increase in urban populations and vehicle numbers has exacerbated parking issues, contributing to congestion, higher fuel consumption, and environmental degradation. Smart Parking Systems (SPS), leveraging technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), sensor networks, cloud computing, and mobile applications, have emerged as an effective solution to optimize parking availability, minimize search times, and enhance user experience. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of SPS, covering the underlying technologies, key challenges faced during implementation, case studies of real-world applications, and a vision for future advancements. The paper concludes by offering recommendations for integrating emerging technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI) and blockchain to enhance system performance, security, and scalability.
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Raj et al. (2026) studied this question.
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