Mogrosides as Dual-Function Sweeteners: A Comprehensive Review of Extraction, Metabolism, Antidiabetic Mechanisms, and Food Applications

Mogrosides, the primary bioactive compounds of Siraitia grosvenorii, are natural, non-caloric sweeteners with promising therapeutic potential for diabetes. They provide a dual advantage: delivering sweetness without impacting blood glucose levels, while simultaneously exerting beneficial antidiabetic effects. This review systematically synthesizes current knowledge on mogrosides, covering their extraction methods, metabolic pathways, and underlying antidiabetic mechanisms. We first detail key extraction techniques and examine their metabolic fate, which is primarily characterized by gut microbiota-mediated deglycosylation leading to the formation of mogrol. Subsequently, the antidiabetic efficacy of mogroside-rich extracts and pivotal monomeric derivatives is critically evaluated, with an emphasis on mechanistic insights such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway activation, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, immunomodulatory effects, and the regulation of gut microbiota. It is important to note that due to the limitation of clinical trial data, most of the evidence reviewed derives from in vitro studies or animal models. Finally, their emerging role as functional ingredients within the food industry was discussed. Collectively, this review aimed to establish a robust scientific foundation for the development of mogrosides as safe, plant-derived sweeteners endowed with enhanced health-promoting properties for the prevention and management of diabetes.