Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Hemp Hurd-Based Biocomposites for Packaging and Mulch Film Applications

This study evaluated the environmental performance of producing biocomposites (packaging and mulch films) from hemp hurd-based microfibers as a sustainable alternative to conventional plastics, with emphasis on the influence of end-of-life (EoL) scenarios in South Korea. Mechanical testing confirmed that the biocomposites exhibited mechanical properties comparable to those of fossil-based and reference materials, such as the tensile strength increase of ∼20% and 33% for packaging and mulch films, respectively. At the same time, their enhanced biodegradability contributes to the improved carbon outcomes. Life cycle assessment (LCA) results showed that anaerobic digestion (AD) is the most favorable EoL scenario, yielding the lowest global warming potential (GWP). These benefits stem from credits associated with electricity generation from biogas and the use of digestate as a soil conditioner, mitigating 6.1 kg CO 2 per 1 kg of mulch film relative to current waste management practices in South Korea. The potential for carbon footprint reduction increased further with high microfiber content and the incorporation of biopolyesters during biocomposite manufacturing, saving up to 4.25 kg CO 2 per 1 kg of mulch film in both cases. Overall, the findings demonstrate that biobased composites provide robust environmental advantages under current conditions and are positioned to deliver even greater benefits as the energy system continues to decarbonize in South Korea. This work offers practical insights into sustainable production pathways and waste management strategies for emerging bioplastic systems, supporting their integration into a circular and low-carbon materials economy.