Phenomenological extension of electrodynamics reveals new vacuum dynamics and predicted effects.
This paper presents a phenomenological extension of classical electrodynamics in which the vacuum is modeled as an emergent structured medium described by a scalar order parameter coupled to electromagnetic fields. The framework preserves gauge invariance while predicting experimentally testable effects including temperature-dependent vacuum birefringence, modified electromagnetic propagation, and delayed resonant electromagnetic emission. The model is formulated as an effective field theory intended to explore possible mesoscopic vacuum dynamics beyond standard electrodynamics.
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Erick Sangalang (2026) studied this question.
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