The closed-loop system improves economic efficiency in battery recycling, reducing carbon emissions and enhancing leaching of metal ions.
with metal ions on the spent cathode surface, accelerating the cleavage of metal─oxygen bonds. Furthermore, a closed-loop recycling route based on solvent regeneration and reuse was designed in this work. Compared with conventional hydrometallurgical processes, this system improves the overall economic efficiency of spent battery recycling by nearly fourfold while halving carbon emissions.
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Zhang et al. (2026) studied this question.
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