The study reveals connections between gauge symmetry, Hopf solitons, and energy string field theory, suggesting new physics insights.
This preprint develops the emergence of the Standard Model gauge structure from Hopf-soliton topology in Energy String Field Theory (ESFT). The manuscript derives SU(2) weak isospin from the rotational zero modes of a single hedgehog soliton, SU(3) color from the permutation symmetry of the rank-3 Hopf-soliton sector, and U(1) from the residual outer phase field. The same framework is further connected to quantitative results including Casimir scaling, glueball-spectrum estimates, and constraints on additional gauge sectors. This version is released as a public preprint for citation and scholarly reference.
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Cheng Pang Won Jesse Ting (2026) studied this question.
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