The global burden of atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter in older adults (≥ 65 years): trends, disparities, and drivers (1990–2021)

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Distribution of AF/AFL disease burden globally, in territories with varying SDIs and across 21 GBD regions in 1990 and 2021. (A) Prevalent cases, (B) Incident cases, (C) Death cases, (D) DALYs, (E) Age-standardized prevalence rates, (F) Age-standardized incidence rates, (G) Age-standardized deaths rates, (H) Age-standardized DALY rates. AF/AFL Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter, DALYs Disability-adjusted life-years, SDI Socio-demographic indices

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  Fig. 2. Map showing AAPCs in AF/AFL prevalence, incidence, deaths, and DALYs among individuals aged ≥ 65 years (1990–2021). (A) Prevalence; (B) Incidence; (C) Deaths; (D) DALYs. AAPC Average annual percentage change, AF/AFL Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter, DALYs Disability-adjusted life years

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  Fig. 3. Map showing percentage changes in AF/AFL prevalence, incidence, deaths, and DALYs among individuals aged ≥ 65 years (1990–2021). (A) Prevalence; (B) Incidence; (C) Deaths; (D) DALYs. AF/AFL Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter, DALYs Disability-adjusted life-years

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  Fig. 4. Age- and sex-structured analysis of AF/AFL disease burden in 1990 and 2021. (A) Prevalent cases, (B) Incident cases, (C) Deaths cases, (D) DALYs, (E) Age-standardized prevalence rates, (F) Age-standardized incidence rates, (G) Age-standardized death rates, (H) Age-standardized DALY rates, (I) Cases, (J) Age-standardized rates. AF/AFL Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter, DALYs Disability-adjusted life years, YLDs Years lived with disability, YLLs Years of life lost

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  Fig. 5. Analysis of changes in AF/AFL prevalence, incidence, deaths, and DALYs globally and across SDI quintiles (1990–2021), based on population aging, population growth, and epidemiological change. (A) Prevalence; (B) Incidence; (C) Deaths; (D) DALYs. AF/AFL Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter, DALYs Disability-adjusted life-years, SDI Socio-demographic index

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  Fig. 6. Age-standardized rates of AF/AFL across 204 countries and territories, by SDI in 2021. (A) Prevalence; (B) Incidence; (C) Deaths; (D) DALYs. AF/AFL Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter, DALYs Disability-adjusted life years, SDI Socio-demographic index

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  Fig. 7. Frontier analyses of AF/AFL DALYs and SDI among individuals aged ≥ 65 years (1990–2021) across 204 countries and territories. (A) Frontier analysis based on SDI and age-standardized AF/AFL DALY rates. The color scale denotes years, with blue representing 1990 and grey representing 2021. Solid black lines are used to demarcate the frontier; (B) Frontier analysis based on SDI and age-standardized AF/AFL DALY rates for 2021. Countries and regions are represented by dots, with the solid black line denoting the frontier. The top 15 countries with the largest gap to the frontier AF/AFL DALY rate are highlighted in black font. Countries and regions with high SDI values (> 0.85) and significant effect differences relative to their development level are marked in red font, while frontier countries with low SDI values (< 0.5) and minimal effect differences are indicated in blue font. Red dots signify a decrease in age-standardized AF/AFL DALY rates between 1990 and 2021, whereas blue dots indicate an increase. AF/AFL Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter, DALYs Disability-adjusted life years, SDI Socio-demographic index