This work demonstrates the failure of factorization stability in higher category theory, suggesting new non-idempotent modalities can hinder stabilization.
We introduce a class of non-idempotent oplax endofunctors on bicategories equipped with non-invertible 2-cells. Unlike classical modalities in higher topos theory and homotopy type theory, these structures do not stabilize under iteration and do not admit coherent multiplication. We show that such endofunctors are invisible under 1-categorical truncation, cannot be modeled in (∞,1)-categorical semantics, and exhibit a systematic failure of factorization stability. A concrete realization is given via free rewriting 2-categories, providing a canonical example of a non-stabilizing higher-categorical construction.
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Yugo Hidaka (2026) studied this question.
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