Reveals the properties of ship-emitted soot, suggesting improvements for climate modeling.
= 2.34). This overall size-morphology pattern remained broadly similar across operational modes. Higher engine loads were associated with larger and less compact soot aggregates, and lower-sulfur fuels appeared to suppress particle growth. These results provide the first in situ constraints for improving representation of ship-emitted soot in climate models and support targeted emission controls to mitigate climate effects.
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Bie et al. (2026) studied this question.
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