A coloured-smoke-visualization technique has been developed for the investigation of complex three-dimensional fluid flows. In particular, a coloured-smoke wire technique is used for the study of secondary flows in straight turbine cascades. Based on a large number of photographs and direct flow observation, the evolution of horseshoe and passage vortices through a high-turning turbine-blade passage is described.
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Sieverding et al. (1983) studied this question.