Study testing gravitational response and clustering in the early universe, suggesting new models for cosmology.
MEON v1.1/R2 is presented as a staged framework for testing a modified weak-field gravitational response at galaxy scales and a possible effective extension toward early-universe clustering. The late-time MEON v1.1 sector is tested on the SPARC rotation-curve sample using a bounded 165-galaxy comparison with fixed field parameters q = 1.25 and e_ext = 0.01. In this bounded per-galaxy nuisance-fit setting, MEON v1.1 achieves a global reduced chi-square of approximately 9.18, compared with approximately 10.10 for the Standard MOND reference and approximately 161.53 for the Newtonian baryons-only limit. The archive also includes diagnostic material for weak-lensing and CMB compatibility. The MEON-R2 Bubble-Tension sector is not claimed as a final CMB proof. It is presented as an effective mathematical prototype showing that a redshift-dependent bubble/membrane tension can generate a cold early clustering sector with Omega_eff h^2 ≈ 0.12 near recombination, w_eff ≈ 0, c_s^2 << 1, and negligible late-time interference with the validated galaxy-scale MEON v1.1 regime. In a CAMB effective-cold-clustering proxy test, the R2 sector reproduces the Planck-like acoustic TT structure at the same level as the corresponding Lambda-CDM-like proxy, while a naive baryon-only/no-CDM case fails strongly. The scientific claim is deliberately conservative: MEON v1.1 is a tested late-universe galaxy-scale model candidate, while MEON-R2 is a calculated effective route toward CMB compatibility. A final cosmological claim requires a covariant action, background equations, linear perturbation equations, and implementation in a full Boltzmann solver.
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Asil Karahan (2026) studied this question.
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