Impact of Nano Biochar and Nano Fertilizers on Soil Quality and Plant Performance: A Review

The requirement for food will rise in tandem with the population's continued rapid growth. Nutrient imbalances and deterioration of soil quality have resulted from the overuse of chemical-based fertilizers to meet this need. Additionally, excessive use of such fertilizers frequently contaminates water sources, adding to pollution. Therefore, rather than depending just on chemical fertilizers to achieve sustainable agricultural practices, it is crucial to investigate other solutions. In this sense, the potential of nano fertilizers and nano biochar to increase crop outputs and improve fertilizer efficacy while reducing environmental damage has drawn attention. These nano-sized organic and inorganic fertilizers increase crop absorption rates by facilitating the regulated, progressive release of nutrients. Several studies indicate that the use of nano fertilizers and nano biochar has improved the uptake of vital nutrients like zinc and phosphorus in soils deficient in these elements. The program of nano-macronutrients and nano-micronutrient-based nano-biofertilizers, nano-vermicompost, and nano-biochar across a variety of crops to boost growth, enhance yield, improve the nutrient efficacy, and support soil health sustainable development is the main focus of this review, which highlights recent advancements in nano-formulations used as fertilizers. The evaluation also addresses particular issues with sustainable agricultural production and possible additional benefits.