atomic-level engineering and interdisciplinary approaches. Through this in-depth and systematic review, we endeavor to provide scholars dedicated to metal nanocluster research-as well as experts engaged in photothermal conversion and its diverse applications-with valuable scientific insights. We are confident that this contribution will not only catalyze innovative breakthroughs but also unlock exciting new frontiers within this vibrant and rapidly evolving field of study.
Li et al. (2026) studied this question.