Environmental Impact of Used Lead-Acid Batteries on Soil Heavy Metal Levels in Mgbuka Obosi, Idemili North Lga, Anambra State

Used lead-acid batteries (ULABs) remain the oldest and most widely utilized rechargeable electrochemical systems, commonly applied in automobiles, uninterruptible power supply units, and telecommunication backup systems. Their operation relies on electrochemical reactions involving lead dioxide as the cathode, metallic lead as the anode, and sulfuric acid as the electrolyte. Despite their extensive utility, ULABs represent a major environmental concern due to their high lead content, with an average battery containing approximately 10.5 kg of lead. Lead is recognized as one of the most hazardous heavy metals and has been listed among the seventeen most dangerous substances due to its toxicity and persistence in the environment. Globally, emissions from lead production, usage, and recycling have reached significant levels, with a large proportion arising from waste management and informal recycling activities. The recycling of ULABs typically involves dismantling batteries obtained mainly from motor vehicles, which contain components such as lead grid plates, lead paste (PbO, PbO₂, and PbSO₄), electrolyte (H₂SO₄), organic casings, and separators. However, improper recycling practices and poor waste management can release lead particles and vapors into the environment, resulting in severe soil and water contamination as well as posing significant health risks to nearby populations. Exposure to lead emissions has been associated with respiratory complications and other health disorders. Consequently, the growing prevalence of informal ULAB recycling highlights the urgent need for effective environmental monitoring, regulatory control, and sustainable recycling practices to mitigate heavy metal pollution and protect public health.