OBJECTIVE: exposure and provide evidence that can be used for preventive measures and health resource planning. METHODS: exposure by age, period, and cohort. RESULTS: exposure was below 0. The local drift values increased with age and were above 0 for the over-80 age groups. The overall net drifts per year were above zero for APE and below zero for HPE. The corresponding results among males were higher than those among females. CONCLUSIONS: exposure is more harmful among males and older people. Ambient air pollution should be emphasized, and China should strengthen its implementation of effective public policies and other interventions.
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Wu et al. (2021) studied this question.
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