Impact of long-term straw and manure incorporation on carbon sequestration and yield through alteration of aluminum and iron oxides in acidic red soil.

) occurred under NPKM in the 0-10 cm depth. Strong positive relationships were observed between reactive/non-crystalline Al and Fe oxides and both SOC sequestration and crop yield, particularly within the 0-20 cm depth, while SOC stock and CSR declined with depth across all treatments. These results highlight the critical role of manure in alleviating soil acidity, enhancing SOC stabilization capacity, and increasing crop productivity in acidic red upland soils. Overall, integrating organic amendments such as manure and straw substantially improves SOC accumulation and supports sustainable agricultural management in acidic red soils.