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Surveys uncover the settlement location and discuss the fortress and city development over time, indicating historical significance.
The exact location and extent of the settlement area of Raphaneae (prov. Hama, Syria) has now been determined through surveys. An integrated discussion of surface fi nds and historical sources provides a better understanding of the development of the legionary fortress and the Roman to Medieval city.
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Gschwind et al. (2025) studied this question.
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