Impact of Chronic Constipation and Subtypes on Serum Trimethylamine-N-oxide Levels and Their Reduction with Treatment: Multicenter Observational Study.

Figures

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  Figure 1.. Flow diagram of the study participants. CIPO, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction; CTT, colonic transit time; IBS-C, irritable bowel syndrome with constipation; MgO, magnesium oxide.

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  Figure 2.. Serum TMAO levels in healthy controls and patients with chronic constipation (a) overall comparison. (b) After propensity score matching adjusted for age, sex, and body mass index. Error bars represent the SE of the mean. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, Student t-test. TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide.

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  Figure 3.. Comparison of serum TMAO levels between patients with NTC and STC. Serum TMAO levels in patients with NTC and STC are presented as mean values of individual data points. The error bars represent the SE of the mean. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, Student t-test (Welch correction when appropriate). HC, healthy control; NTC, normal transit constipation; STC, slow-transit constipation; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide.

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  Figure 4.. Effects of treatments on serum TMAO levels in patients with CC (a) serum TMAO levels at baseline, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks after treatment in patients with CC. Data are presented as means with SE of the mean. (b) Absolute changes in serum TMAO levels from baseline at 4 and 12 weeks after treatment in patients with CC. Data are presented as means with SE of the mean. **P < 0.01, paired t-test. CC, chronic constipation; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide.

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  Figure 5.. Comparison of treatment effects between MgO and EXB on serum TMAO levels in patients with chronic constipation (a) line plots of serum TMAO levels in the MgO and elobixibat groups at baseline and at 4 and 12 weeks after treatment. Data are presented as means with SE of the mean. (b) Absolute changes in serum TMAO levels from baseline at 4 and 12 weeks in the MgO and elobixibat groups. Bars represent mean changes from the baseline, with error bars indicating the SE of the mean. The horizontal line indicates the baseline. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, paired t-test for within-group comparisons and Student t-test (Welch correction when appropriate) for between-group comparisons. EXB, elobixibat; MgO, magnesium oxide; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide.

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  Figure 6.. Comparison of treatment effects between MgO and EXB on serum TMAO levels in patients with NTC or STC (a) and (c) line plots of serum TMAO levels in the MgO and elobixibat groups at baseline and at 4 and 12 weeks after treatment: NTC (a) and STC (c). Data are presented as means with SE of the mean. (b) and (d) absolute changes in serum TMAO levels from baseline at 4 and 12 weeks in the MgO and elobixibat groups: NTC (b) and STC (d). Bars represent mean changes from the baseline, with error bars indicating the SE of the mean. The horizontal line indicates the baseline. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, paired t-test for within-group comparisons and Student t-test (Welch correction when appropriate) for between-group comparisons. EXB, elobixibat; MgO, magnesium oxide; NTC, normal transit constipation; STC, slow-transit constipation; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide.